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内容来自www.paper51.com 玉 溪 师 范 学 院 copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 本科毕业论文
内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com paper51.com 浅析大兴中学初二学生如何提高自身的英语口语能力 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
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http://www.paper51.com 姓 名: 陈国仙 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com学 号：2006061232 copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 指导教师姓名： 谢 洪 福 http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 职 称： 讲 师
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 单 位： 外国语学院 copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 专 业 名 称 ： 英 语 教 育
paper51.com paper51.com 申请学位级别： 学 士 paper51.com copyright paper51.com论文提交日期： 2010年5月
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paper51.com 二零一零年五月
paper51.com copyright paper51.com How to Improve Students’Own English Speaking Ability in Grade Eight, Daxing Middle School
paper51.com http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com Chen Guoxian 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
copyright paper51.com paper51.com Supervisor http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Xie Hongfu
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内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com A Thesis Submitted as a
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comB.A. in English
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copyright paper51.com ENGLISH DEPARTMENT paper51.com paper51.com YUXI TEACHERS’ COLLEGE
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Statementof Authorship http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Except where reference is made in the text ofthe thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extractedin whole or part from a thesis presented by me for another degree or diploma. http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comNo other person’s work has been used without dueacknowledgement in the main text of the thesis.
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Acknowledgements
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com There are a number of people to whom this dissertation and itsauthor owe a great deal over a long period of time. copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comMy supervisor, Mr. Xie providedsubstantial guidance on this thesis. During the preparation of this paper, thedetailed advice and constant help from him have been both academicallyauthoritative and generous. Thanks him for giving me much advice on my paper. Ineed also to thank him who has taught me much knowledge about how to write athesis. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com I am grateful to those librarianswho provided me with some useful references.
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comFinally, I would like toexpress my appreciation, too, to my all teachers and classmates who offered megreat help. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
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内容来自www.paper51.com With the globalization of the sociallife and economic life, China’sopening-up process is accelerating. Learning and mastering a foreign language,and conducting foreign exchange are a basic requirement for the quality of thecitizens in the 21st century. To improve our oral English abilities is veryimportant for we must use English to communicate with people from other countries.But in real life, there are many deficiencies in spoken English learning, suchas the teacher-centered "spoon-fed" teaching, student’s lack ofmotivation, students’ mechanical imitation and rote, the student’s lack ofcourage and confidence to speak English, and so on. And “How to improve oralEnglish？” It seems to be a very commonand popular question. And in this paper the writer lists some problems that thestudents in Grade Eight, Daxing middle school have, and gives personal opinionabout how the students improve their own oral English by themselves. 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Key words: Spoken English; junior school; skills 内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com
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内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 摘 要 copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com 随着社会生活和经济生活的全球化，中国的开放进程正在加快。学习和掌握一门外语，开展对外交流是对21世纪国民素质的基本要求。因此，提高我们的英语口语能力是非常重要的，因为我们必须用英语与来自其他国家的人民沟通。但在现实生活中，存在许多英语口语学习的缺陷，诸如以教师为中心的“填鸭式”教学，学生缺乏学习英语的动机，学生机械模仿，死记硬背，学生缺乏勇气和说英语的信心，等等。所以，“如何提高英语口语”，这似乎是一个非常普遍和流行的问题。而在本文笔者列出了一些大兴中学初二学生在口语学习中存在的问题并提出了他们自己应该如何提高自身的口语能力的个人见解。
paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com关键词：英语口语；初中；技巧 copyright paper51.com paper51.com内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Contents copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com Statement of Authorship...………………………………………..........................................ⅱ
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………...…………...…ⅲ http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Abstract...……………………………………………...………………………………........ ⅳ
http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 摘 要………...………………………………………………………………...………..…...Ⅴ1. Introduction…...…………………………….………………..…………………...….….…1 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 2. Literature Review……...……………………………..………………………...……..……2 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com2.1 Motivation …………………………………………………………………….……...2 copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com2.2 Theories about Self-access……………………………...…...……………..................2 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 2.3 Theories about Speech………..………………………………...…….….…………...3 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.4 Thinking Performance...…………………………………………………….………...4
copyright paper51.com paper51.com 3. The Importance of OralEnglish…………...………...........................................................5 paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 4.Students’ Problems in Spoken English in Daxing Middle School…………..….…....…..6 内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com4.1 Lack of Motivation………………………..…………………………………………..6 paper51.com copyright paper51.com4.2 Students’ Shyness and NegativeSelf-image……………………………………….....7 paper51.com http://www.paper51.com4.3 Mechanical Imitation and Rote..……...…………………………………………..…..8 paper51.com http://www.paper51.com5.Some Suggestions to Improve Oral English………….………………..………….............8
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com 5.1 Stimulate Correct Motivation in OralEnglish Learning…………...............................8 内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com 5.2 Establish a Strong Confidence and Courage…..………………………………..…...10 copyright paper51.com paper51.com 5.3 Develop Thinking Performance…。…………………………………………….…...12 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 6.Some Other Suggestions to Improve Oral English…………….……………….....……14 http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 6.1 Develop Speaking Strategies……...…………………………………………...…….14
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 6.2 Improve Pronunciation……………………………………………………...……….14
paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 6.3 Seek out Opportunities to Speak in English………..………………...….......………15 paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com7.Conclusion……………………….……………………………………………………………...15 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comReferences 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 1. Introduction
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comLearning to speak English is likelearning to swim or learning to drive, which is skill training. However,China's traditional English teaching pays more attention to the teaching ofEnglish vocabulary, grammar, etc., which conceptualizes the accumulation ofknowledge, neglects oral English training, and makes the students’ communicativeability poor. Many middle school students, after several years’ Englishlearning, still can’t read, can’t talk, even can’t have themselves understoodin communication. And the English teaching situation is worrying, so teachersshould change the traditional English teaching and have a new way to teach oralEnglish. And as students, they are playing the most important role in English learning.Therefore, students have the responsibility to improve their own oralEnglish. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comWhen teaching in the Daxing middleschool, the author frequently encountered such problems: students with highscore in examination do not dare answer their teacher’s questions in class and mostof them are unwilling to open their mouth; some students do not do well in speakingeven they are good at writing; in communicative activities, although somestudents have pretty good ideas about the topic, they do not know how toexpress their ideas clearly and correctly. These phenomena are caused by a widerange of factors. But “You, the language learner, are the most important factorin the language learning process. Success or failure will, in the end, bedetermined by what you yourself contribute. "(Rubin.J.&Thompson,I ,2004:3)And to the students in Grade Eightof Daxing middle school, to improve their own spoken English has its owncharacteristics. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 2. Literature review 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 2.1 Motivation http://www.paper51.com paper51.com Motivation is to provide a personwith a motive to action with positive energy and determination. It's a state ofmind that moves one individual into action. The best way to recharge thebattery of your motivation is to create desires. An inner drive inherent inall, motivation plays an important role in intellectual, emotional, andprofessional success and development. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com One’s motivation to learn is thefactor that initiates, directs and sustains his learning activity. It functionsas an internal force to impel him to work, just like a locomotive pulling thetrain. Highly motivated students will study voluntarily and persistently, whileless motivated students might give up easily after a short period of time. Asfor unmotivated students, they might simply refuse to work, as they do not havea clear picture in their minds of what they study for and what to study. Therefore,whether one is motivated or not makes the difference between success andfailure.（ 袁士朴，齐德峰，刘新义，1998：331） copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.2 Theories about self-access http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com By 1981 Holec had defined autonomyas ‘the ability to take charge of one’s own learning’. He developed thisdefinition further in 1985 by talking about autonomy as a conceptual tool. http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Other definitions of autonomy havesituated it within three major schools of thought. Some see it is a personalcharacteristic, some see it as a political concept and others see it as adefinition of educational practices. Two writers who see autonomy as a personalcharacteristic are Little and Kenny. Little sees learner autonomy as ‘essentiallya matter of the learner’s psychological relation to the process and content oflearning’. Kenny states that autonomy is not only the freedom to learn but also‘the opportunity to become a person’. An example of viewing autonomy within apolitical framework is found in the work of Benson who defines learner autonomyas representing ‘a recognition of the rights of learners within educationalsystems’ and, within the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language, as‘a recognition of the rights of the “non-native speaker” in relation to the “native-speaker”within the global order of English’. An example of viewing autonomy as aneducational practice comes from Boud who suggests that, as well as being aneducational goal autonomy is ‘an approach to educational practice’. copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com In addition, Dam et al. characterizeslearner autonomy as ‘a readiness to take charge of one’s own learning’. Gardberand Miller define autonomous language learners as those who ‘initiate theplanning and implementation of their own learning program’. (David Gardner& Lindsay Miller, 2002:6) 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com2.3 Theories about speech
paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Language is a tool for communicationbetween people. Language is mankind's most important communication tool. One ofthe most essential functions of language is communication. First of all,language is an important communication tool, and is the core part to understandthe essence of language. With the human beings desire for communication the languageis produced, developed. If a language, once lost its communicative tools, thenature of the functions, it will die, no longer existing.（章兼中，1999：73） 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comHuman language communication processis the process of two-way exchange of ideas between the speaker (author) andlistener (the reader). When using language to communicate one should make sure whetherthe language is suitable for one’s identity and a certain occasion, because to differentgroups, as well as in different occasions, using the language features is alsodifferent. （章兼中，1999：74） paper51.com copyright paper51.com One general principle of linguisticanalysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Speech is considered as theprimary medium of language for several reasons. Speech is prior to writinghistorically. Speech existed long, long before writing systems came into being.Even today many well-developed languages do not have a writing system yet. Genetically,children always learn to speak before they learn to write. The primacy ofspeech can also be seen in the forms that writing system use. Withoutexception, all written forms “cut in” at some point on the stream of spokenlanguage. （胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福，1999：23）
copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 2.4 Thinking performance
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Thinking is the indirect reflection of people’s mindto reality. It is the central element of intelligence. The main content ofthinking includes analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, judgmentand sequence. Thinking is an important ability which should be consciouslydeveloped. As the final goal of language teaching and learning is tocommunicate feelings, attitudes, values, thoughts and ideas, the focus ofteaching and learning should also depend on the development of thinking skills,with the exception of the essential communication skills. For developingthinking competence, students should learn to use their own minds to analyze,synthesize, compare, abstract, and generalize and sequence.（ 袁士朴，齐德峰，刘新义，1998：259）
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内容来自www.paper51.com 3. The importance of oralEnglish
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com As one of the most widely usedlanguages, English is often necessary for business, information and otheractivities in a great many countries. It is said that English has become thelanguage of international trade and transportation. Most pilots in planestraveling from one country to another use it to talk with airports. All shipssailing on the oceans call for help by radio in it. It has been said that 60percent of the world's radio broad casts and 70 percent of the world's mails useEnglish. At international sports meetings and at international trade and so on Englishis the language most commonly and widely used. copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.comEnglish has in fact become thelanguage of international cooperation in science and technology. The mostadvanced results in space, nuclear energy and computer research are publishedin it. A scientist who speaks and writes English is in closer touch with thescientists in other countries than one who doesn't.
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Generally speaking, English is muchmore important than any other language. It has become the global language. As amatter of fact, there are more than ten English-speaking countries, forexample, Canada, Australia, and England and so on. They’re alldeveloped countries. They lead the world’s development. http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com If we don’t have enough Englishknowledge, we will fall behind others. So we should spend much time in learningEnglish, especially, the oral English --- which is important in communicationwith others. Also English has come into our daily life. For example, we can see“Made in China”on our cups, “No smoking” in the park and so on.
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http://www.paper51.com 4. Students’ problems inspoken English in Daxing middle school paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com4.1 Lack of Motivation 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com Many factorsneed to be taken into account, when one considers the qualities of a goodlearner, such as attitude, motivation, personality, anxiety, empathy andconfidence. Among these, motivation is a decisive factor that cannot beneglected in English learning.
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comMotivationis divided into two parts: extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.Extrinsic motivation concerns factors from the external influences, such as,pressure, encouragement, rewards, teachers and parents, the learning atmosphereand punishment, etc, while intrinsic motivation refers to one’s positiveattitude, desire for learning, interest.
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com The author foundthat most of the students in Daxing middle school lack intrinsic motivation. Thestudents only take English as one of the major subjects for entering the highschool, thus they care their goal in examination too much. In order to become ahigh school student, both teachers and students are busy doing a lot ofexaminations everyday. They have no time, no energy, no environment and even nomotivation to practice their oral English. They depend too much on the teacher.They pay too much attention to the examination. The students worry that theywill criticize by their teachers and parents if they fail in the examination. Somestudents even feel shameful when they get a low score. Many students don’t understandthe real goal of learning a language; they just follow the teachers’ directionsmechanically so their oral English is pretty bad.
paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 4.2 Students’ Shyness andNegative Self-image 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com The common problem of the students inDaxing middle school is shyness. They seldom initiate a conversation ordiscussion with the teacher or other outgoing students, because they don’t liketo take risks, which is crucial to rapid progress in language learning.According to Goffman, it seems that one of their major concerns for them is notto lose face in class, either the “positive face”, that is “their need to beappreciated by others”, or, the “negative face”, that is, “their freedom frominterference by others”. For them, not being able to continue speaking fluentlyis a threat to one’s positive face, but asking for help may be viewed as athreat to one’s negative face. Shyness deprives students of their opportunitiesto practice spoken English in class. Furthermore, it leads to increasedinhibition. Thus students tend to obtain less input and to make less effectiveuse of the input they do obtain. Shyness and inhibition do have a negativeeffect on improving oral English. For these students, if the teacher is tooeager to push them into classroom interaction when they are not ready yet, theywill be even shyer and refuse to participate in class activities. What’s worse,some students will be on guard against the teacher. 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comIn somecases, some students are not successful in language learning due to theirnegative self-image. Once a student forms a certain self-image of himself, hewill act upon it just as if it were true. For example, if he conceives himselfto be a “failure of language learning”, he will lose confidence in himself, andhe will find some ways to fail, in spite of all his good intentions. And hisfailure will further strengthen his negative self-image. Thus, he is involvedin a vicious circle. The students with unsuccessful self-image are passive anddifficult to inspire. paper51.com paper51.com 4.3 Mechanical imitation and rote
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com The purposeof learning oral English is to communicate fluently with others. So fluency,accuracy and appropriateness are important in oral English study. That is tosay, one has to pay much attention to practical communicative ability insteadof only focusing on the grammar. So it needs learners to express themselvesclearly with correct way under different situations.
内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Reciting isthe common way to practice speaking in traditional teaching methods. But what thestudents recite can only be used in the limited occasion instead of alloccasions. In fact, in practical applications, an expression has to be usedbased on the actual situation instead of completely copied the sentences on thetextbook. For example, if one understands "where are you from?” thoroughlyand follows this sentence, one can express: "where is he from?" /"Where are they from?” But ifone only remember the sentence "where are you from?” he cannot apply itcorrectly in communication. But when teaching in Daxing middle school the authorfound the Grade Eight students in Daxing middle school only mechanical memoryand mechanically imitated the textbook. The consequence of mechanical imitationand rote is that in real life students find it is difficult to open their mouth,and then they begin to fear to speak English.
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copyright paper51.com 5. Some suggestions toimprove English speaking 内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 5.1 Stimulate correct motivation inoral English Learning
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com“Motivation” says Jeremy Harmer,“is some kind of internal drive that encourages somebody to pursue a course ofaction. If we perceive a goal and that goal is sufficiently attractive, we willbe strongly motivated to do whatever is necessary to reach that goal ”(Harmer,1983). Students who want to be successful in oral English learning should havethis quotation in mind when learning oral English to encourage themselves. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com “There are many reasons forlearning a foreign language, and there is no doubt that having a good reasonfirmly in mind wills enhances your chances for success. Most people need strongmotivation to attack the complex task of mastering a foreign language.”(Rubin.J. &Thompson, I.2004:12) http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com The morereasons one has for studying a foreign language, the more motivated one willbe! Motivation, in turn, will change into willingness to pursue one’s languagestudy over a longer period of time. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com So, theauthor suggests that the students in Daxing middle school should establish acorrect motivation to learn oral English. The students should know that Englishis not just one of the major subjects for entering the high school. They shouldnot depend too much on the teacher. But they should pay more attention to practiceoral English by themselves. One should not just follow the teachers’ directionswithout one’s own goal. Students should know that the purpose of foreign oral languagestudy is for communicating and expressing. Students should clearly know theimportance of oral English. Since English is used so widely in science andtechnology nowadays, they will undoubtedly encounter English whatever they willdo in the future. Therefore, mastery of the language is not only used forpassing the examination. Then they should understand that the purpose to argueis not the victory or defeat, but to practice the spoken language and improvetheir own speaking ability. Students should know English is one of the maininternational communication languages, because it is a strong weapon of winningthe international competition. Mastering English may have effect on enteringhigher school, obtaining employments and even in the daily life. And the studentsjust know the points that states above them may have a correct motivation in oralEnglish learning. paper51.com copyright paper51.comOtherwise, theability, interest and feeling that benefit one’s sustainable development mustbe kept for ever. And the students should often take part in the Englishparties, English song singing competitions, English outing, English weeks,English festivals, English broadcasting, and English play performances etc. Andthese things also can stimulate the students’ motivation in oral English learning.
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 5.2 Establish a strong confidenceand courage 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com People whoare painfully aware of their limitations and worry about their ability to uselanguage are usually less willing to engage in either classroom practice or inreal-world communication. Shyness and inhibition can stand in the way ofprogress in speaking (perhaps less in the way of reading) a foreign language. Theycan also prevent a person from taking risks or seizing opportunities topractice and learn. Fear of making a mistake or being misunderstood can keep alearner from adopting an open-minded, active, and creative approach to languagelearning. Everything else being equal, persons who have an open, receptiveattitude towards the foreign language, who are not afraid to use it, and whofeel at ease in foreign language situations are more likely to learn from theirlanguage experiences. (Rubin.J. &Thompson, I.2004:6, 7)
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Errors areinevitable in English learning. That students make errors is the performance oflearning progress. If the student did not dare to make mistakes, he will notmaster a foreign language in any case. Learning is continuous progress and improvementin the process of correcting mistakes. And only when one dare participate, is notafraid of mistakes with a bold attempt, one can finally get unexpected success. http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comIt isimportant to bear in mind that most people make many allowances for error-atleast in the beginning-so don’t frighten to try something out while nothing the reaction of youlistener. Though trail and error, your ability to communicate and understandwill rapidly improve. (Rubin.J. &Thompson, I.2004:41)
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Confidencein oneself is the first step on the road to success. So the author believesthat the students in Daxing middle school can do like talked above, at the sametime, build a strong confidence and courage, and then their spoken languagewill have a great improvement. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com There aremany ways to establish a strong confidence and courage when learning oralEnglish. And the author states that reading aloud and chat with others are goodways to establish a strong confidence and courage. Because read aloud helps notonly to rectify pronunciation and intonation but also to recite a lot of basicsentences. Reading aloud some English articles again and again, especially somebusiness English dialogues, and then one can have an accurate pronunciation. Andaccurate pronunciation is the most important foundation. People, especiallyforeigners, may praise a learner when they hear the accurate pronunciation ofthe learner, thus strengthens the learners confidence and courage of theirEnglish study. In fact, practicing oral English in front of a mirror is a wayto correct one’s behavior and make themselves elegant. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.comChatting isa good method of accelerating speaking ability. If possible, chat with othersin English in daily life or go to the English corner at free time. It is not justchatting, and it needs to prepare everything to it, including topic about talking,some everyday expressions and a dictionary. It is worth saying that one shoulddo not care about looking for dictionary in the process of chatting. Allabilities can be fostered. Practice makes perfect. If you do something a lot,you’ll be professional in this field. Speaking English is the same thing. Ifyou open your mouth frequently, you can speak English frequently and then youwill have a strong confidence and courage to learn oral English.
paper51.com copyright paper51.com5.3 Develop thinking performance copyright paper51.com paper51.com“Language serves as dress of thoughts. Thoughts are always expressed bywords. Without thinking, language would be meaningless.” (张翔，2000:1)Language is a living and continually changingthing. Rote sentence was too stiff, and inefficient. Many years ago, educationresearch found that mechanical memory only has short-term effect. SpeakingEnglish is based on the scene, which is a flexible process to express themeaning what one wants to say. And one should not mechanically imitate theoriginal sentence when studies oral English, because most of the original textis different with what one wants to say. For example, the text said, "I'mfrom Beijing",and one wants to say "I come from the vicinity of Kunming World Expo"One has to change the original sentence and reset sentences. Therefore, as thestudents themselves, in order to improve their speaking ability they would haveto change the habit of rote learning, develop their thinking ability and apply thesentence on lessons flexible.
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com The way thatwe learn language is just like learning swimming, no matter where you go, youdo not learn to swim by reading books on swimming. You go to a place where yourwhole body can be immersed in the water and you can feel the floating force ofthe water. So is learning a language or skill. The most effective way is topractice it in the authentic situation with authentic media, For Englishlearners, if we want to master a language including mastering all its skills,we must think something in it, express some in it. That is to say learning alanguage is not just by mechanically imitation and rote, but according to acertain scene to learn it. 内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com Teenagers inmiddle school have developed thinking more in imagination than in abstraction.They are usually curious about everything fashionable, and we can useRole-playing. because Role-playing is a drama-like classroom activity in whichstudents take the roles of different participants in a situation and act outwhat might typically happen in that situation. It stimulates realisticconversation and effective communication to the foreign language learners tolearning oral English. And in particular, it gives learners an opportunity topractice communicating in different social contexts and different social roles.It can also develop the students’ speaking skills, and increase the motivation.Through role-playing students will be motivated to produce real life languagelearning from what they have learned. paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com
http://www.paper51.com 6. Some other suggestionsto improve oral English
paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 6.1 Develop speaking strategies paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Like all theother skills, speaking also involves strategies. To develop speaking strategiesone can do as follow: start a conversation, take turns, ask for clarification,ask for repetition, and get others attention, ask for help, express attitudes, feelings,personal ideals and check understanding. And the classroom is the best placewhere students can become aware of the speaking strategies and practice themconsciously in order to use them successfully in real life situation. paper51.com http://www.paper51.com6.2 Improve pronunciation 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comMoststudents tend to retain their native accent when learning a foreign language. However,there are a number of things you can do to improve your pronunciation. Seewhich of the following work best for you: paper51.com paper51.comImitate therhythm and intonation of English. If you can reproduce the rhythm andintonation accurately, other pronunciation errors (e.g., mispronunciationcertain sounds) will not be so noticeable and your speech will be easier to understand.
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Compare yourpronunciation to the models on tape. If you are using pronunciation tapes, makesure that you record yours and keep comparing. paper51.com paper51.comListencarefully and repeat aloud after your teacher or a native speaker. Ask them tocomment on your pronunciation. paper51.com paper51.comAsk yourteacher how certain sounds are formed. Watch what he or she does when pronouncing.Practice the sounds at home in front of a mirror. 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Practice asound separately at first; then use it progressively in words and sentences. Trytongue-twisters involving the sound. http://www.paper51.com paper51.comMake a listof words that give you pronunciation trouble, and practice them. paper51.com copyright paper51.com6.3 Seek out opportunities tospeak in English
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com Languagelearning must be an active process. Learners who make a conscious effort topractice their foreign language and who seek out opportunities to use what theyhave learned are more successful than learners who assume a passive attitudeand rely on the teacher to do the whole job. It is necessary to overcomeinhibition and get into situations where you must speak in the foreign language.A few tips on how this can be done follow: 内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.comPerformevery classroom activity. Do every task, even if the teacher does not call onyou; Interact with native and skilled speakers, including your teacher. Feelfree to speak to your teacher outside of class. Together, you can use your newlanguage to discuss a wide variety of topics. Also, try to find native speakerson your campus or neighborhood; Interact with classmates or other students inyour language program. Talking with your classmates or other students takingthe same language can be an easy and enjoyable way to get some practice.
paper51.com paper51.com And thereare also many other useful ways to improve oral English. But here the authorjust lists some parts.
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 7. Conclusion
paper51.com paper51.com From whathas been mentioned above, it is clear that oral English is very important andthere are many problems existing in oral English learning to the students in GradeEight, Daxing middle school. In order to solve some serious problems that existin the oral English learning to the students in Grade Eight, Daxing middle schooland to improve their oral English, this paper has given some useful advices.
paper51.com copyright paper51.com Theimportance of oral English learning is simply presented in this paper. Theauthor set forth that the problems that the students in Grade Eight, Daxingmiddle school have in spoken language learning: lack of motivation, shyness andnegative self-image and mechanical imitation and rote. In order to improve thestudents’ oral English, the author states some suggestions to help the studentsto improve their own oral English: to stimulate correct motivation in oralEnglish learning; to establish a strong confidence and courage; and to developthinking performance, and so on. It is the author’s hopes that the paper canhelp the students, in Grade Eight, Daxing middle school make greater progressin oral English learning. paper51.com http://www.paper51.com
paper51.com References
copyright paper51.com paper51.com DavidGardner & Lindsay Miller(2002).Establishing Self-Access from theory topractice.上海：上海外语教育出版社 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Rubin.J.&Thompson,I.(2004).How to Be a More Successful Language Learner. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com 浩瀚，钟乐平，2006，《生活英语900句》，北京：中国宇航出版社 paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 胡春洞，王才仁，2001，《英语教学交际论》，广西：广西教育出版社
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福，1999，《语言学教程》，北京：北京大学出版社 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 刘戈锋，2002，《英语口语超常突击技巧》，深圳：海天出版社
paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com尚新，刘春梅，2000，《英语口语技巧百问百炼》，北京：中国书籍出版社 paper51.com copyright paper51.com王蔷，2006，《英语教学法教程》，北京：高等教育出版社 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 文秋芳，1999，《英语口语测试与教学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com袁士朴，齐德峰，刘新义,1998，《英语教育学》，北京：教育科学出版社
copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com张丽娟，2000，《实用英语口语句型》，大连：大连理工大学才出版社 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com张翔，2000，《征服英语口语》，北京：世界图书出版公司北京公司 copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com章兼中，1999，《外语教育学》，浙江：浙江教育出版社
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